Chapter 2

ESG Framework & Standards

The ESG landscape includes numerous frameworks, standards, and rating systems. Understanding these frameworks is essential for effective ESG implementation and reporting. This chapter provides a comprehensive overview of the major ESG frameworks and how they work together.

Major ESG Frameworks

TCFD - Task Force on Climate-related Financial Disclosures

Focus: Climate-related risks and opportunities

Established: 2015 by Financial Stability Board

Key Components:

  • Governance: Board oversight of climate risks
  • Strategy: Climate risks/opportunities impacting business
  • Risk Management: Processes for identifying and managing climate risk
  • Metrics & Targets: Metrics used to assess climate performance

Who Uses It: Financial institutions, public companies, investors globally

SASB - Sustainability Accounting Standards Board

Focus: Industry-specific financially material sustainability topics

Established: 2011, now part of IFRS Foundation

Coverage: 77 industry-specific standards across 11 sectors

Key Features:

  • Focused on financially material ESG issues by industry
  • Designed for investor decision-making
  • Quantitative metrics for comparability
  • Aligned with SEC disclosure requirements

GRI - Global Reporting Initiative

Focus: Comprehensive sustainability reporting for all stakeholders

Established: 1997

Scope: Broad stakeholder impact (not just investors)

Structure:

  • Universal Standards (applicable to all organizations)
  • Sector Standards (industry-specific)
  • Topic Standards (specific ESG issues)

Usage: Over 10,000 organizations in 100+ countries

CDP - Carbon Disclosure Project

Focus: Environmental disclosure (climate, water, forests)

Established: 2000

Participation: 18,000+ companies, 680+ cities, 120+ states/regions

Key Areas:

  • Climate Change: GHG emissions and climate strategy
  • Water Security: Water usage and stewardship
  • Forests: Deforestation and forest commodity impacts

Scoring: A to D- rating system based on disclosure quality

Regional Regulatory Frameworks

European Union

EU Taxonomy

Classification system defining environmentally sustainable economic activities

  • 6 environmental objectives (climate mitigation, adaptation, water, circular economy, pollution, biodiversity)
  • Technical screening criteria for each activity
  • "Do no significant harm" principle
  • Minimum social safeguards

SFDR - Sustainable Finance Disclosure Regulation

Mandatory ESG disclosure for financial market participants

  • Entity-level disclosures (sustainability risk integration)
  • Product-level disclosures (ESG characteristics of funds)
  • Article 8 funds (promote E/S characteristics)
  • Article 9 funds (sustainable investment objective)

CSRD - Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive

Replaces NFRD, expands sustainability reporting requirements

  • Applies to 50,000+ companies (vs 11,000 under NFRD)
  • Double materiality (impact and financial materiality)
  • Assurance requirements
  • Digital tagging (XBRL) for data accessibility

United States

SEC Climate Disclosure Rule

Proposed rule requiring climate-related disclosures for public companies

  • Scope 1 and 2 emissions (mandatory for large accelerated filers)
  • Scope 3 emissions (if material or have reduction targets)
  • Climate-related risks and targets
  • Board oversight and management processes
  • Assurance requirements (phased in over time)

Asia-Pacific

ESG Rating Agencies

Rating Agency Coverage Approach
MSCI ESG 8,500+ companies AAA to CCC rating, industry-relative scoring
Sustainalytics 20,000+ companies Risk-based approach, 0-100 scale
S&P Global ESG 7,500+ companies 0-100 score, industry-specific weights
ISS ESG 9,000+ companies 12-point scale (A+ to D-)
Refinitiv 11,000+ companies 0-100 score, 630+ metrics

Convergence and Standardization

ISSB - International Sustainability Standards Board

Established in 2021 by the IFRS Foundation to create a global baseline for sustainability disclosure standards. The ISSB aims to consolidate existing frameworks and create consistency.

IFRS S1 - General Requirements

Overall disclosure requirements for sustainability-related financial information

IFRS S2 - Climate-related Disclosures

Specific requirements for climate-related risks and opportunities (based on TCFD)

Choosing the Right Framework

Consider Your Stakeholders

Industry Best Practice

Many leading companies report using multiple frameworks:

Key Takeaways