♻️ Chapter 6: Security and Compliance

6.1 Security Framework Overview

WIA-ENE-004 incorporates a comprehensive security framework based on defense-in-depth principles, ensuring renewable energy systems are protected against evolving cyber threats.

Security Principles

• Defense in Depth: Multiple layers of security controls
• Least Privilege: Users and systems have minimum necessary permissions
• Zero Trust: Never trust, always verify - authenticate every request
• Security by Design: Security integrated from the start, not bolted on
• Fail Secure: Systems default to secure state on failure
• Transparency: Security through openness, not obscurity

6.2 Authentication and Access Control

Robust authentication ensures only authorized entities access renewable energy systems.

Multi-Factor Authentication (MFA)

WIA-ENE-004 supports multiple authentication factors for enhanced security:

• Something you know: Password, PIN
• Something you have: Hardware token, smartphone app (TOTP)
• Something you are: Biometrics (fingerprint, face recognition)

// MFA Implementation Example
{
  "authentication": {
    "primaryFactor": {
      "type": "password",
      "policy": {
        "minLength": 12,
        "requireUppercase": true,
        "requireLowercase": true,
        "requireNumbers": true,
        "requireSpecialChars": true,
        "preventReuse": 12,
        "maxAge": 90
      }
    },
    "secondFactor": {
      "required": true,
      "methods": ["totp", "sms", "hardware-key"],
      "preferredMethod": "totp",
      "backupCodes": true
    },
    "sessionManagement": {
      "timeout": 1800,
      "absoluteTimeout": 28800,
      "renewalWindow": 300
    }
  }
}

Role-Based Access Control (RBAC)

6.3 Data Protection and Encryption

Protecting sensitive energy data requires encryption at rest and in transit.

Encryption Standards

• Transport Encryption: TLS 1.3 with forward secrecy (mandatory)
• At-Rest Encryption: AES-256 for databases and file storage
• Key Management: Hardware security modules (HSM) or cloud KMS
• Certificate Management: Automated renewal, certificate pinning

// TLS Configuration
{
  "tls": {
    "minVersion": "1.3",
    "maxVersion": "1.3",
    "cipherSuites": [
      "TLS_AES_256_GCM_SHA384",
      "TLS_CHACHA20_POLY1305_SHA256"
    ],
    "certificateValidation": {
      "requireValidCert": true,
      "checkRevocation": true,
      "pinPublicKeys": true,
      "allowedCAs": ["DigiCert", "Let's Encrypt"]
    },
    "hsts": {
      "enabled": true,
      "maxAge": 31536000,
      "includeSubdomains": true,
      "preload": true
    }
  }
}

// Database Encryption
{
  "database": {
    "encryption": {
      "atRest": {
        "enabled": true,
        "algorithm": "AES-256-GCM",
        "keyRotation": 90
      },
      "backups": {
        "encrypted": true,
        "separateKeys": true
      }
    }
  }
}

Data Classification

6.4 Compliance Requirements

WIA-ENE-004 helps organizations meet various regulatory and industry compliance requirements.

Regulatory Frameworks

Compliance Automation

// Automated Compliance Checks
{
  "compliance": {
    "frameworks": ["GDPR", "NERC-CIP", "ISO-27001"],
    "automatedChecks": {
      "dataRetention": {
        "enabled": true,
        "schedule": "daily",
        "policy": {
          "personalData": "3-years-then-anonymize",
          "auditLogs": "7-years",
          "productionData": "5-years-tiered"
        }
      },
      "accessReview": {
        "enabled": true,
        "frequency": "quarterly",
        "autoRemove": {
          "inactiveUsers": 90,
          "temporaryAccess": true
        }
      },
      "encryptionValidation": {
        "enabled": true,
        "schedule": "weekly",
        "requireTLS": true,
        "requireAtRest": true
      },
      "vulnerabilityScanning": {
        "enabled": true,
        "schedule": "daily",
        "severity": ["critical", "high"],
        "autoRemediate": false
      }
    },
    "reporting": {
      "automated": true,
      "frequency": "monthly",
      "recipients": ["compliance@example.com"],
      "includeEvidence": true
    }
  }
}

6.5 Audit and Logging

Comprehensive audit trails enable compliance verification and security incident investigation.

Audit Log Requirements

• What to Log: All access attempts, data modifications, configuration changes, security events
• Log Format: Structured (JSON), timestamped (UTC), immutable
• Retention: Minimum 7 years for compliance, longer for critical systems
• Protection: Encrypted, write-once storage, hash verification
• Analysis: SIEM integration, automated anomaly detection

// Audit Log Entry Example
{
  "timestamp": "2025-12-25T14:30:00.123Z",
  "eventId": "evt_1234567890abcdef",
  "eventType": "authentication.success",
  "severity": "INFO",
  "actor": {
    "userId": "user_12345",
    "email": "operator@example.com",
    "ipAddress": "203.0.113.42",
    "userAgent": "Mozilla/5.0...",
    "sessionId": "sess_xyz789"
  },
  "resource": {
    "type": "source",
    "id": "SOLAR-PV-001",
    "action": "read.production"
  },
  "context": {
    "requestId": "req_abc123",
    "method": "GET",
    "endpoint": "/api/v1/sources/SOLAR-PV-001/production",
    "statusCode": 200,
    "duration": 142
  },
  "metadata": {
    "mfaUsed": true,
    "riskScore": 10,
    "geoLocation": "San Francisco, CA, US"
  },
  "hash": "sha256:a1b2c3d4..."
}

Log Analysis and Alerting

6.6 Vulnerability Management

Proactive vulnerability management prevents security incidents before they occur.

Vulnerability Management Process

1. Discovery: Automated scanning, penetration testing, bug bounty programs
2. Assessment: CVSS scoring, exploitability analysis, impact evaluation
3. Prioritization: Risk-based ranking considering severity and exposure
4. Remediation: Patching, configuration changes, compensating controls
5. Verification: Re-scanning, validation testing
6. Documentation: Track remediation, update security posture

Vulnerability Response SLAs

# Automated Vulnerability Scanning
# .github/workflows/security-scan.yml

name: Security Scan
on:
  schedule:
    - cron: '0 2 * * *'  # Daily at 2 AM
  push:
    branches: [main]

jobs:
  dependency-scan:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
      - uses: actions/checkout@v3
      - name: Run Snyk to check for vulnerabilities
        uses: snyk/actions/node@master
        env:
          SNYK_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.SNYK_TOKEN }}

  container-scan:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
      - uses: actions/checkout@v3
      - name: Run Trivy scanner
        uses: aquasecurity/trivy-action@master
        with:
          scan-type: 'fs'
          severity: 'CRITICAL,HIGH'

  sast-scan:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
      - uses: actions/checkout@v3
      - name: Run Semgrep
        uses: returntocorp/semgrep-action@v1

6.7 Incident Response

A well-defined incident response process minimizes the impact of security events.

Incident Response Phases

• Preparation: Plans, tools, training, team roles
• Detection: Identify potential security incidents
• Containment: Isolate affected systems, prevent spread
• Eradication: Remove threat, close vulnerabilities
• Recovery: Restore systems, verify security
• Lessons Learned: Post-mortem, improve processes

Incident Severity Classification

6.8 Privacy and Data Protection

WIA-ENE-004 incorporates privacy-by-design principles to protect personal information.

Privacy Requirements

• Data Minimization: Collect only necessary data
• Purpose Limitation: Use data only for stated purposes
• Consent Management: Obtain and track user consent
• Right to Access: Users can view their data
• Right to Erasure: Delete personal data on request
• Data Portability: Export data in standard formats
• Breach Notification: Alert users within 72 hours of breach

// Privacy API Endpoints
{
  "privacy": {
    "endpoints": {
      "dataAccess": "GET /api/v1/privacy/my-data",
      "dataExport": "POST /api/v1/privacy/export",
      "dataErasure": "DELETE /api/v1/privacy/erase-my-data",
      "consentManagement": "GET/POST /api/v1/privacy/consent"
    },
    "dataRetention": {
      "personalData": {
        "retention": "3-years-after-last-activity",
        "anonymizationAfter": true
      },
      "auditLogs": {
        "retention": "7-years",
        "personalDataMasked": true
      }
    },
    "breachNotification": {
      "automaticDetection": true,
      "notificationWindow": "72-hours",
      "channels": ["email", "dashboard", "api"]
    }
  }
}

6.9 Security Certifications

Obtaining security certifications demonstrates commitment to best practices and builds customer trust.

Recommended Certifications

Certification Process

1. Gap Analysis: Identify current state vs. requirements
2. Remediation: Implement missing controls
3. Documentation: Prepare policies, procedures, evidence
4. Internal Audit: Self-assessment of compliance
5. External Audit: Third-party assessment
6. Certification: Receive certificate, publish achievement
7. Continuous Compliance: Maintain controls, annual re-assessment

6.10 Security Checklist

Use this comprehensive security checklist to ensure your WIA-ENE-004 implementation meets all security requirements.